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???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1926? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1929? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1936? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? 1947. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ((???? ???)) ?((?????? ???)). ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? 1949? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? 1984.

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???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? 500 ???. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ((?????? ??????)) ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???. ????? ????? ?????? 8?1 ?? (??????? ?????? ????? 15 ??)? ?????? ?????? 438 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.

 

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??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? – ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? 500 ???. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 500 ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? "????? ???" (??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????) ??? 1663? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? "??? ?? ?? ??" (??????? ??????? – ???????- ???? ?? ???? ???) ??? 1787? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1770 ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????.